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IELTS Academic Reading Sample Test – Summary Completion Question Type with deep answer key – Sample No. 2
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July 23, 2025
IELTS Reading: Summary Completion Tutorial
How to Answer “Summary Completion” Questions in IELTS
1
Understand the Task:
In this question type, you are presented with a summary of information from the reading passage with several blanks (gaps). Your task is to fill each gap with an appropriate word or phrase from the passage.
Example: If the summary says “Solar energy is harnessed using ______ cells,” you must find the correct place in the passage and supply the missing word.
In this question type, you are presented with a summary of information from the reading passage with several blanks (gaps). Your task is to fill each gap with an appropriate word or phrase from the passage.
Example: If the summary says “Solar energy is harnessed using ______ cells,” you must find the correct place in the passage and supply the missing word.
2
Read the Instructions Carefully:
Always check whether you are required to use NO MORE THAN ONE WORD, TWO WORDS, or A NUMBER from the passage.
Example: The instructions might say: “Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.”
Always check whether you are required to use NO MORE THAN ONE WORD, TWO WORDS, or A NUMBER from the passage.
Example: The instructions might say: “Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.”
3
Skim the Summary & Identify Key Words:
Read the summary and underline key words, especially those around the gaps. These words help you identify where to look in the passage.
Example: Words like “renewable,” “future,” or “global potential” will help you find the right section.
Read the summary and underline key words, especially those around the gaps. These words help you identify where to look in the passage.
Example: Words like “renewable,” “future,” or “global potential” will help you find the right section.
4
Scan the Passage for Answers:
Move quickly through the passage to find sentences that contain information similar to what is in the summary. Look for synonyms and paraphrased ideas—not always identical words.
Move quickly through the passage to find sentences that contain information similar to what is in the summary. Look for synonyms and paraphrased ideas—not always identical words.
5
Match Meaning, Not Just Words:
Ensure the word or phrase you choose from the passage matches the meaning of the gap. The correct answer must make sense in the summary’s sentence.
Ensure the word or phrase you choose from the passage matches the meaning of the gap. The correct answer must make sense in the summary’s sentence.
6
Check Grammar & Word Form:
The word(s) you select should fit grammatically into the summary. For example, if the gap follows “using,” a noun is usually needed.
The word(s) you select should fit grammatically into the summary. For example, if the gap follows “using,” a noun is usually needed.
7
Be Careful With Spelling:
Only answers spelled exactly as in the passage are correct. Double-check for spelling errors, as they will lose you marks.
Only answers spelled exactly as in the passage are correct. Double-check for spelling errors, as they will lose you marks.
8
Never Use Your Own Knowledge:
Use only information from the passage, even if you know the topic. Answers based on outside knowledge are not accepted in IELTS Reading.
Use only information from the passage, even if you know the topic. Answers based on outside knowledge are not accepted in IELTS Reading.
9
Check Each Gap:
After filling each blank, read the sentence to ensure it is logical and grammatically correct. Make adjustments as needed.
After filling each blank, read the sentence to ensure it is logical and grammatically correct. Make adjustments as needed.
10
Review All Answers:
At the end, re-read the entire summary with your answers to confirm accuracy and coherence.
Example: “Solar power is considered a clean and abundant energy source.” If this sounds correct, move on; if not, reconsider your answer.
At the end, re-read the entire summary with your answers to confirm accuracy and coherence.
Example: “Solar power is considered a clean and abundant energy source.” If this sounds correct, move on; if not, reconsider your answer.
Example of a Summary Completion:
Summary Example:
Solar energy can be converted into electricity using ______ cells.
Passage:
“Photovoltaic cells, often called solar cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity.”
Instructions: Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Answer:
1. photovoltaic
Solar energy can be converted into electricity using ______ cells.
Passage:
“Photovoltaic cells, often called solar cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity.”
Instructions: Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Answer:
1. photovoltaic
Reading Passage: Solar Power: The Future of Renewable Energy
Paragraph A
Solar power is increasingly heralded as a cornerstone of global efforts to combat climate change and transition to sustainable energy. Unlike fossil fuels, which emit significant quantities of greenhouse gases, solar power offers a clean, renewable alternative that is available in abundance. With advances in technology and falling production costs, harnessing the sun’s energy is not only feasible but is becoming a critical part of the world’s electricity generation mix. Today, solar power is transforming how nations produce and consume energy, promising a future that is less reliant on finite resources and less damaging to the environment.
Paragraph B
The principle behind solar power is elegantly simple: convert sunlight into usable energy. The most common technology, photovoltaic (PV) cells, directly convert sunlight into electricity by exploiting the photoelectric effect. These cells are typically assembled into large panels, which can be mounted on rooftops, integrated into building facades, or arranged in vast solar farms across open landscapes. Another approach, known as concentrated solar power (CSP), uses mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto a small area, generating heat that can drive turbines and produce electricity. Both methods are free from direct emissions, and their modular nature means they can be scaled for everything from remote villages to megacities.
Paragraph C
The rise of solar power has been facilitated by dramatic reductions in cost. Over the past decade, the price of solar panels has plummeted, driven by advances in materials science, mass production, and global competition. In many regions, solar energy is now cheaper than electricity from coal or natural gas, even before accounting for government incentives or carbon pricing. This cost competitiveness has accelerated adoption in both developed and developing nations, making solar the fastest-growing source of new energy capacity worldwide.
Paragraph D
However, solar power is not without its challenges. The most notable is intermittency: the amount of electricity generated depends on sunlight, which fluctuates with weather and is absent at night. To overcome this, researchers have invested heavily in energy storage solutions, such as advanced lithium-ion batteries and thermal storage systems, which can hold surplus energy for use during periods of low sunlight. In addition, modern grid management and smart infrastructure are being developed to integrate large amounts of solar energy smoothly and reliably into national power systems.
Paragraph E
Environmental impacts must also be considered. While solar power is largely clean, manufacturing PV cells requires energy and materials, some of which involve hazardous chemicals. Responsible manufacturing processes and recycling programmes are essential to minimise the ecological footprint. Land use is another issue: large-scale solar farms can cover significant areas, sometimes leading to conflicts over agricultural land or natural habitats. Increasingly, new designs such as floating solar arrays on reservoirs and agrivoltaic systems—where crops grow beneath solar panels—are being explored to maximise benefits and reduce conflicts.
Paragraph F
The benefits of solar power extend beyond environmental advantages. Solar energy projects can boost local economies by creating jobs in manufacturing, installation, and maintenance. In rural or remote areas, solar mini-grids and off-grid solutions provide reliable power where extending national grids would be impractical or prohibitively expensive. For millions of people worldwide, access to solar electricity is transforming lives by powering schools, clinics, and small businesses.
Paragraph G
Solar technology is also spurring innovation in other sectors. For example, solar-powered desalination plants produce fresh water in arid regions, while solar cookers offer an alternative to wood-burning stoves, reducing indoor air pollution. Urban planners are increasingly integrating solar panels into building codes and city design, creating “net zero” developments that generate as much energy as they consume over the course of a year.
Paragraph H
Policy and international cooperation have played crucial roles in solar power’s ascent. Many governments support solar deployment through feed-in tariffs, tax credits, and research grants, fostering rapid market growth and technological improvement. International agreements, such as the Paris Climate Accord, have further encouraged investment in renewables, signalling a global commitment to decarbonisation.
Paragraph I
Despite these advances, the full potential of solar power has yet to be realised. Energy storage remains expensive, and some materials used in solar panels are still sourced unsustainably. Continued research is needed to develop more efficient, durable, and environmentally friendly solar cells, as well as better recycling technologies for end-of-life panels.
Paragraph J
Looking ahead, the future of solar power appears remarkably bright. With ongoing innovation and supportive policy, solar energy is poised to play a dominant role in global energy systems. By replacing polluting fossil fuels and driving economic development, solar power is more than a technological trend—it is a transformative force shaping a cleaner, fairer, and more sustainable world for generations to come.
Summary Completion: Solar Power: The Future of Renewable Energy
Instructions:
Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage.
Click on each blank and type your answer. When finished, check your answers for instant feedback!
Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage.
Click on each blank and type your answer. When finished, check your answers for instant feedback!
Summary
Solar power is a form of energy that is gaining popularity worldwide due to its ability to reduce and reliance on finite . Most electricity is generated by either cells, which directly convert sunlight, or by systems, which use or lenses to produce heat. The cost of solar panels has in the past decade, helping make solar power the source of new energy capacity. Despite this, the issue of means that energy is needed to provide reliable supply. Environmental concerns include the manufacturing process, the use of hazardous , and conflicts over . New innovations, such as floating arrays and systems, are helping to reduce these issues. With international and supportive , solar energy is expected to play a central role in creating a more future.
Answer Key & Detailed Explanations
Click on any answer below to reveal the full step-by-step explanation and location in the passage.
1. renewable
▶
Step 1: The summary says, “Solar power is a form of ______ energy.”
Step 2: Paragraph A states: “…solar power offers a clean, renewable alternative…”
Step 3: The word “renewable” directly describes the type of energy solar provides.
Tip: Use “renewable” exactly as it appears in the passage, and not other adjectives like “clean.”
Step 2: Paragraph A states: “…solar power offers a clean, renewable alternative…”
Step 3: The word “renewable” directly describes the type of energy solar provides.
Tip: Use “renewable” exactly as it appears in the passage, and not other adjectives like “clean.”
2. greenhouse gases
▶
Step 1: The summary references reducing “______ and reliance on finite resources.”
Step 2: Paragraph A: “Unlike fossil fuels, which emit significant quantities of greenhouse gases…”
Step 3: “Greenhouse gases” is the key phrase.
Tip: Must be plural and match passage spelling.
Step 2: Paragraph A: “Unlike fossil fuels, which emit significant quantities of greenhouse gases…”
Step 3: “Greenhouse gases” is the key phrase.
Tip: Must be plural and match passage spelling.
3. resources
▶
Step 1: The summary: “reliance on finite ______.”
Step 2: Paragraph A: “…less reliant on finite resources and less damaging to the environment.”
Step 3: “Resources” is correct; don’t use “fuels,” as the passage specifies resources.
Step 2: Paragraph A: “…less reliant on finite resources and less damaging to the environment.”
Step 3: “Resources” is correct; don’t use “fuels,” as the passage specifies resources.
4. photovoltaic
▶
Step 1: Summary: “Most electricity is generated by either ______ cells…”
Step 2: Paragraph B: “…photovoltaic (PV) cells, directly convert sunlight into electricity…”
Step 3: “Photovoltaic” is the word used; “solar” is too general.
Step 2: Paragraph B: “…photovoltaic (PV) cells, directly convert sunlight into electricity…”
Step 3: “Photovoltaic” is the word used; “solar” is too general.
5. concentrated solar power
▶
Step 1: The other main method: “or by ______ systems…”
Step 2: Paragraph B: “Another approach, known as concentrated solar power (CSP), uses mirrors…”
Step 3: Write “concentrated solar power” (or “CSP”) as in the passage.
Step 2: Paragraph B: “Another approach, known as concentrated solar power (CSP), uses mirrors…”
Step 3: Write “concentrated solar power” (or “CSP”) as in the passage.
6. mirrors
▶
Step 1: CSP systems “use ______ or lenses to produce heat.”
Step 2: Paragraph B: “…uses mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight…”
Step 3: Both “mirrors” and “lenses” are acceptable (per instructions).
Step 2: Paragraph B: “…uses mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight…”
Step 3: Both “mirrors” and “lenses” are acceptable (per instructions).
7. plummeted
▶
Step 1: “The cost of solar panels has ______ in the past decade.”
Step 2: Paragraph C: “the price of solar panels has plummeted…”
Step 3: “Plummeted” means to drop sharply, matching the context.
Step 2: Paragraph C: “the price of solar panels has plummeted…”
Step 3: “Plummeted” means to drop sharply, matching the context.
8. fastest-growing
▶
Step 1: Solar power is now the “______ source of new energy capacity.”
Step 2: Paragraph C: “…making solar the fastest-growing source of new energy capacity worldwide.”
Step 3: Use “fastest-growing” as the exact phrase.
Step 2: Paragraph C: “…making solar the fastest-growing source of new energy capacity worldwide.”
Step 3: Use “fastest-growing” as the exact phrase.
9. intermittency
▶
Step 1: The issue of “______ means that energy storage is needed…”
Step 2: Paragraph D: “The most notable is intermittency: the amount of electricity generated depends on sunlight…”
Step 3: “Intermittency” is the technical term from the passage.
Step 2: Paragraph D: “The most notable is intermittency: the amount of electricity generated depends on sunlight…”
Step 3: “Intermittency” is the technical term from the passage.
10. storage
▶
Step 1: Energy ______ is needed for a reliable supply.
Step 2: Paragraph D: “…energy storage solutions, such as advanced lithium-ion batteries…”
Step 3: “Storage” is the single word the summary requires.
Step 2: Paragraph D: “…energy storage solutions, such as advanced lithium-ion batteries…”
Step 3: “Storage” is the single word the summary requires.
11. chemicals
▶
Step 1: “Hazardous ______” are mentioned as an environmental concern.
Step 2: Paragraph E: “…some of which involve hazardous chemicals.”
Step 3: “Chemicals” must be plural and exact.
Step 2: Paragraph E: “…some of which involve hazardous chemicals.”
Step 3: “Chemicals” must be plural and exact.
12. land use
▶
Step 1: Environmental concerns “include conflicts over ______.”
Step 2: Paragraph E: “Land use is another issue: large-scale solar farms can cover significant areas…”
Step 3: “Land use” (two words, as in passage).
Step 2: Paragraph E: “Land use is another issue: large-scale solar farms can cover significant areas…”
Step 3: “Land use” (two words, as in passage).
13. agrivoltaic
▶
Step 1: Innovations such as “floating arrays and ______ systems…”
Step 2: Paragraph E: “…agrivoltaic systems—where crops grow beneath solar panels…”
Step 3: “Agrivoltaic” is the key term from the passage.
Step 2: Paragraph E: “…agrivoltaic systems—where crops grow beneath solar panels…”
Step 3: “Agrivoltaic” is the key term from the passage.
14. cooperation
▶
Step 1: “With international ______ and supportive policy…”
Step 2: Paragraph H: “Policy and international cooperation have played crucial roles…”
Step 3: “Cooperation” is the noun needed; must not be “agreement.”
Step 2: Paragraph H: “Policy and international cooperation have played crucial roles…”
Step 3: “Cooperation” is the noun needed; must not be “agreement.”
15. policy
▶
Step 1: “Supportive ______” is the next phrase.
Step 2: Paragraph H: “…support solar deployment through feed-in tariffs, tax credits, and research grants…”
Step 3: “Policy” is used in the passage.
Step 2: Paragraph H: “…support solar deployment through feed-in tariffs, tax credits, and research grants…”
Step 3: “Policy” is used in the passage.
16. sustainable
▶
Step 1: “…expected to play a central role in creating a more ______ future.”
Step 2: Paragraph J: “…a more sustainable world for generations to come.”
Step 3: “Sustainable” is the word required.
Step 2: Paragraph J: “…a more sustainable world for generations to come.”
Step 3: “Sustainable” is the word required.
20 Hardest Words – Solar Power Passage
Click on any word to expand its detailed breakdown.
heralded ▶
UK: /ˈhɛr.əldɪd/ US: /ˈhɛr.əldɪd/
Part(s) of Speech: verb (past participle)
Word pattern(s): herald sb/sth as sth
Definition: Publicly praised or announced as a sign of something important.
Example: Solar power is increasingly heralded as a cornerstone of global efforts.
Meaning: widely recognized or introduced as important.
Synonym: proclaimed
Common mistakes: Learners confuse it with "heard" or use as a noun. It must mean "announced or praised," not "heard."
Part(s) of Speech: verb (past participle)
Word pattern(s): herald sb/sth as sth
Definition: Publicly praised or announced as a sign of something important.
Example: Solar power is increasingly heralded as a cornerstone of global efforts.
Meaning: widely recognized or introduced as important.
Synonym: proclaimed
Common mistakes: Learners confuse it with "heard" or use as a noun. It must mean "announced or praised," not "heard."
cornerstone ▶
UK: /ˈkɔː.nə.stəʊn/ US: /ˈkɔːr.nɚ.stoʊn/
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): cornerstone of sth
Definition: The most important part of something that everything else depends on.
Example: A cornerstone of global efforts to combat climate change.
Meaning: a fundamental principle or element.
Synonym: foundation, basis
Common mistakes: Confused with "milestone" (which means a significant event, not a fundamental element).
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): cornerstone of sth
Definition: The most important part of something that everything else depends on.
Example: A cornerstone of global efforts to combat climate change.
Meaning: a fundamental principle or element.
Synonym: foundation, basis
Common mistakes: Confused with "milestone" (which means a significant event, not a fundamental element).
finite ▶
UK: /ˈfaɪ.naɪt/ US: /ˈfaɪ.naɪt/
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): finite number/amount/resource
Definition: Having a limit; not infinite or endless.
Example: Less reliant on finite resources.
Meaning: limited in number or amount.
Synonym: limited
Common mistakes: Used incorrectly as a verb or noun. Only used as an adjective.
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): finite number/amount/resource
Definition: Having a limit; not infinite or endless.
Example: Less reliant on finite resources.
Meaning: limited in number or amount.
Synonym: limited
Common mistakes: Used incorrectly as a verb or noun. Only used as an adjective.
exploiting ▶
UK: /ɪkˈsplɔɪ.tɪŋ/ US: /ɪkˈsplɔɪ.tɪŋ/
Part(s) of Speech: verb (present participle)
Word pattern(s): exploit sth
Definition: To use something well in order to gain as much benefit as possible.
Example: PV cells convert sunlight into electricity by exploiting the photoelectric effect.
Meaning: making use of something for benefit.
Synonym: utilizing, harnessing
Common mistakes: Confusing exploit (positive: use effectively) vs. exploit (negative: treat unfairly). Here it is neutral/positive.
Part(s) of Speech: verb (present participle)
Word pattern(s): exploit sth
Definition: To use something well in order to gain as much benefit as possible.
Example: PV cells convert sunlight into electricity by exploiting the photoelectric effect.
Meaning: making use of something for benefit.
Synonym: utilizing, harnessing
Common mistakes: Confusing exploit (positive: use effectively) vs. exploit (negative: treat unfairly). Here it is neutral/positive.
modular ▶
UK: /ˈmɒd.jʊ.lər/ US: /ˈmɑː.dʒə.lɚ/
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): modular system/structure
Definition: Consisting of separate parts that can be joined together to form a complete system.
Example: Their modular nature means they can be scaled.
Meaning: made of independent units that work together.
Synonym: segmented
Common mistakes: Not to be confused with “model” or “modest.”
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): modular system/structure
Definition: Consisting of separate parts that can be joined together to form a complete system.
Example: Their modular nature means they can be scaled.
Meaning: made of independent units that work together.
Synonym: segmented
Common mistakes: Not to be confused with “model” or “modest.”
plummeted ▶
UK: /ˈplʌm.ɪ.tɪd/ US: /ˈplʌm.ə.tɪd/
Part(s) of Speech: verb (past participle)
Word pattern(s): prices/costs have plummeted
Definition: Fallen or decreased quickly and suddenly by a large amount.
Example: The price of solar panels has plummeted.
Meaning: dropped dramatically.
Synonym: dropped, declined, fallen
Common mistakes: Misspelling as “plummed” or using with people (not correct).
Part(s) of Speech: verb (past participle)
Word pattern(s): prices/costs have plummeted
Definition: Fallen or decreased quickly and suddenly by a large amount.
Example: The price of solar panels has plummeted.
Meaning: dropped dramatically.
Synonym: dropped, declined, fallen
Common mistakes: Misspelling as “plummed” or using with people (not correct).
competitiveness ▶
UK: /kəmˌpet.ɪˈtɪv.nəs/ US: /kəmˌpet̬.əˈtɪv.nəs/
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): competitiveness of sth
Definition: The ability to compete successfully.
Example: This cost competitiveness has accelerated adoption.
Meaning: being able to compete well in a market.
Synonym: ability to compete
Common mistakes: Often misspelled or confused with “competition.”
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): competitiveness of sth
Definition: The ability to compete successfully.
Example: This cost competitiveness has accelerated adoption.
Meaning: being able to compete well in a market.
Synonym: ability to compete
Common mistakes: Often misspelled or confused with “competition.”
intermittency ▶
UK: /ˌɪn.təˈmɪt.ən.si/ US: /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈmɪt.ən.si/
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): the intermittency of
Definition: The quality of not being continuous; stopping and starting repeatedly.
Example: The most notable is intermittency.
Meaning: not steady; variable.
Synonym: irregularity
Common mistakes: Confused with “interval” (which means time gap, not irregularity).
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): the intermittency of
Definition: The quality of not being continuous; stopping and starting repeatedly.
Example: The most notable is intermittency.
Meaning: not steady; variable.
Synonym: irregularity
Common mistakes: Confused with “interval” (which means time gap, not irregularity).
infrastructure ▶
UK: /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/ US: /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃɚ/
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): infrastructure of/for sth
Definition: The basic systems and services needed for a country or organization to work properly.
Example: Smart infrastructure is being developed.
Meaning: physical and organizational structures needed for operation.
Synonym: framework, facilities
Common mistakes: Using “infrastructures” (uncountable noun in most cases).
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): infrastructure of/for sth
Definition: The basic systems and services needed for a country or organization to work properly.
Example: Smart infrastructure is being developed.
Meaning: physical and organizational structures needed for operation.
Synonym: framework, facilities
Common mistakes: Using “infrastructures” (uncountable noun in most cases).
ecological footprint ▶
UK: /ˌiː.kəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl ˈfʊt.prɪnt/ US: /ˌiː.kəˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl ˈfʊt.prɪnt/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Word pattern(s): reduce/minimize one’s ecological footprint
Definition: The impact of a person or organization on the environment, measured by the amount of resources used and waste produced.
Example: Programmes are essential to minimise the ecological footprint.
Meaning: total effect on the environment.
Synonym: environmental impact
Common mistakes: Misspelling “ecological,” using “footprints” in the plural for this meaning.
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Word pattern(s): reduce/minimize one’s ecological footprint
Definition: The impact of a person or organization on the environment, measured by the amount of resources used and waste produced.
Example: Programmes are essential to minimise the ecological footprint.
Meaning: total effect on the environment.
Synonym: environmental impact
Common mistakes: Misspelling “ecological,” using “footprints” in the plural for this meaning.
agrivoltaic ▶
UK/US: /ˌæɡ.rɪ.vɒlˈteɪ.ɪk/
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): agrivoltaic system/farm
Definition: Related to the simultaneous use of land for both solar panels and agriculture.
Example: Agrivoltaic systems—where crops grow beneath solar panels.
Meaning: combining farming and solar energy.
Synonym: dual-use (not exact)
Common mistakes: Misspelling, and not knowing pronunciation.
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): agrivoltaic system/farm
Definition: Related to the simultaneous use of land for both solar panels and agriculture.
Example: Agrivoltaic systems—where crops grow beneath solar panels.
Meaning: combining farming and solar energy.
Synonym: dual-use (not exact)
Common mistakes: Misspelling, and not knowing pronunciation.
desalination ▶
UK: /diːˌsæl.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ US: /ˌdiː.sæl.əˈneɪ.ʃən/
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): desalination plant/process
Definition: The process of removing salt from seawater to make it drinkable.
Example: Solar-powered desalination plants produce fresh water.
Meaning: making fresh water from the sea.
Synonym: purification (not exact)
Common mistakes: Spelling confusion with “desalting.”
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): desalination plant/process
Definition: The process of removing salt from seawater to make it drinkable.
Example: Solar-powered desalination plants produce fresh water.
Meaning: making fresh water from the sea.
Synonym: purification (not exact)
Common mistakes: Spelling confusion with “desalting.”
decarbonisation ▶
UK: /diːˌkɑː.bən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ US: /diːˌkɑːr.bən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): commitment to decarbonisation
Definition: The process of reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
Example: A global commitment to decarbonisation.
Meaning: reducing the use of fossil fuels and emissions.
Synonym: carbon reduction
Common mistakes: Not hyphenating; spelling with “z” or “s” (both accepted: decarbonization/decarbonisation).
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): commitment to decarbonisation
Definition: The process of reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
Example: A global commitment to decarbonisation.
Meaning: reducing the use of fossil fuels and emissions.
Synonym: carbon reduction
Common mistakes: Not hyphenating; spelling with “z” or “s” (both accepted: decarbonization/decarbonisation).
durable ▶
UK: /ˈdjʊə.rə.bəl/ US: /ˈdʊr.ə.bəl/
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): durable material/technology
Definition: Able to last a long time without becoming damaged.
Example: More efficient, durable, and environmentally friendly solar cells.
Meaning: long-lasting.
Synonym: long-lasting
Common mistakes: Using as a noun (should be “durability”).
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): durable material/technology
Definition: Able to last a long time without becoming damaged.
Example: More efficient, durable, and environmentally friendly solar cells.
Meaning: long-lasting.
Synonym: long-lasting
Common mistakes: Using as a noun (should be “durability”).
dominant ▶
UK: /ˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt/ US: /ˈdɑː.mə.nənt/
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): dominant role/position/force
Definition: More powerful, important, or noticeable than anything else.
Example: Solar energy is poised to play a dominant role.
Meaning: main or leading.
Synonym: leading, principal
Common mistakes: Confusing with “dominate” (the verb).
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): dominant role/position/force
Definition: More powerful, important, or noticeable than anything else.
Example: Solar energy is poised to play a dominant role.
Meaning: main or leading.
Synonym: leading, principal
Common mistakes: Confusing with “dominate” (the verb).
transformative ▶
UK: /trænsˈfɔː.mə.tɪv/ US: /trænsˈfɔːr.mə.t̬ɪv/
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): transformative force/impact/effect
Definition: Causing a major change.
Example: A transformative force shaping a cleaner world.
Meaning: able to change something significantly.
Synonym: revolutionary
Common mistakes: Using as a noun (should be “transformation”).
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): transformative force/impact/effect
Definition: Causing a major change.
Example: A transformative force shaping a cleaner world.
Meaning: able to change something significantly.
Synonym: revolutionary
Common mistakes: Using as a noun (should be “transformation”).
emissions ▶
UK: /ɪˈmɪʃ.ənz/ US: /ɪˈmɪʃ.ənz/
Part(s) of Speech: noun (plural)
Word pattern(s): greenhouse gas emissions
Definition: The act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc.
Example: Free from direct emissions.
Meaning: substances released into the air.
Synonym: discharge, release
Common mistakes: Often written as “emission” (uncountable), but in environmental context usually plural.
Part(s) of Speech: noun (plural)
Word pattern(s): greenhouse gas emissions
Definition: The act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc.
Example: Free from direct emissions.
Meaning: substances released into the air.
Synonym: discharge, release
Common mistakes: Often written as “emission” (uncountable), but in environmental context usually plural.
mitigate ▶
UK: /ˈmɪt.ɪ.ɡeɪt/ US: /ˈmɪt̬.ə.ɡeɪt/
Part(s) of Speech: verb
Word pattern(s): mitigate the effects/impact
Definition: To make something less harmful, serious, or severe.
Example: Responsible manufacturing can mitigate environmental impact.
Meaning: reduce the harmful effect of something.
Synonym: lessen, reduce
Common mistakes: Incorrect use with positive effects (mitigate is only for negatives).
Part(s) of Speech: verb
Word pattern(s): mitigate the effects/impact
Definition: To make something less harmful, serious, or severe.
Example: Responsible manufacturing can mitigate environmental impact.
Meaning: reduce the harmful effect of something.
Synonym: lessen, reduce
Common mistakes: Incorrect use with positive effects (mitigate is only for negatives).
reliant ▶
UK: /rɪˈlaɪ.ənt/ US: /rɪˈlaɪ.ənt/
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): reliant on/upon sth
Definition: Dependent on something.
Example: Less reliant on finite resources.
Meaning: needing something in order to survive or operate.
Synonym: dependent
Common mistakes: Used without “on/upon” (should always specify what is relied on).
Part(s) of Speech: adjective
Word pattern(s): reliant on/upon sth
Definition: Dependent on something.
Example: Less reliant on finite resources.
Meaning: needing something in order to survive or operate.
Synonym: dependent
Common mistakes: Used without “on/upon” (should always specify what is relied on).
implementation ▶
UK: /ˌɪm.plɪ.menˈteɪ.ʃən/ US: /ˌɪm.plə.menˈteɪ.ʃən/
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): implementation of sth
Definition: The act of putting a plan or system into operation.
Example: Successful implementation of solar policies.
Meaning: making something work in practice.
Synonym: execution, carrying out
Common mistakes: Often confused with “implication” (which means consequence or suggestion).
Part(s) of Speech: noun
Word pattern(s): implementation of sth
Definition: The act of putting a plan or system into operation.
Example: Successful implementation of solar policies.
Meaning: making something work in practice.
Synonym: execution, carrying out
Common mistakes: Often confused with “implication” (which means consequence or suggestion).
20 Hardest Phrases & Expressions – Solar Power Passage
Click a phrase to reveal its detailed explanation and usage.
heralded as a cornerstone ▶
UK/US: /ˈhɛr.əldɪd əz ə ˈkɔː.nə.stəʊn/
Part(s) of Speech: verb phrase
Pattern(s): be heralded as a/the cornerstone of sth
Definition: To be publicly described or praised as the essential, foundational element.
Example: Solar power is increasingly heralded as a cornerstone of global efforts.
Meaning: Introduced or praised as a key, essential part.
Synonym: called the foundation
Common mistakes: Mixing up with “heralded by” (which means announced by someone).
Part(s) of Speech: verb phrase
Pattern(s): be heralded as a/the cornerstone of sth
Definition: To be publicly described or praised as the essential, foundational element.
Example: Solar power is increasingly heralded as a cornerstone of global efforts.
Meaning: Introduced or praised as a key, essential part.
Synonym: called the foundation
Common mistakes: Mixing up with “heralded by” (which means announced by someone).
harnessing the sun’s energy ▶
UK/US: /ˈhɑː.nəs.ɪŋ ðə sʌnz ˈen.ə.dʒi/
Part(s) of Speech: verb phrase
Pattern(s): harness sth
Definition: Collecting and using the energy produced by the sun.
Example: Harnessing the sun’s energy is now feasible.
Meaning: Using solar power.
Synonym: capturing/utilizing solar energy
Common mistakes: “Harness” does not mean “stop” or “reduce.”
Part(s) of Speech: verb phrase
Pattern(s): harness sth
Definition: Collecting and using the energy produced by the sun.
Example: Harnessing the sun’s energy is now feasible.
Meaning: Using solar power.
Synonym: capturing/utilizing solar energy
Common mistakes: “Harness” does not mean “stop” or “reduce.”
clean, renewable alternative ▶
UK/US: /kliːn rɪˈnjuː.ə.bəl ɔːlˈtɜː.nə.tɪv/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): a clean, renewable alternative (to sth)
Definition: A substitute that does not cause pollution and is naturally replaced.
Example: Solar power offers a clean, renewable alternative.
Meaning: An environmentally friendly option.
Synonym: green substitute
Common mistakes: Omitting the comma (“clean renewable” is not standard).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): a clean, renewable alternative (to sth)
Definition: A substitute that does not cause pollution and is naturally replaced.
Example: Solar power offers a clean, renewable alternative.
Meaning: An environmentally friendly option.
Synonym: green substitute
Common mistakes: Omitting the comma (“clean renewable” is not standard).
transition to sustainable energy ▶
UK/US: /trænˈzɪʃ.ən tuː səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl ˈen.ə.dʒi/
Part(s) of Speech: verb phrase
Pattern(s): transition to sth
Definition: The process of changing from fossil fuels to energy sources that do not run out and are environmentally friendly.
Example: The world’s transition to sustainable energy.
Meaning: Changing to using renewable energy.
Synonym: move to green energy
Common mistakes: Using “transition for” (should be “to”).
Part(s) of Speech: verb phrase
Pattern(s): transition to sth
Definition: The process of changing from fossil fuels to energy sources that do not run out and are environmentally friendly.
Example: The world’s transition to sustainable energy.
Meaning: Changing to using renewable energy.
Synonym: move to green energy
Common mistakes: Using “transition for” (should be “to”).
the principle behind ▶
UK/US: /ðə ˈprɪn.sə.pəl bɪˈhaɪnd/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): the principle behind sth
Definition: The main idea or mechanism that explains how something works.
Example: The principle behind solar power is simple.
Meaning: The underlying concept.
Synonym: the idea behind
Common mistakes: Using “principle of” (sometimes correct, but “behind” means the reason/how it works).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): the principle behind sth
Definition: The main idea or mechanism that explains how something works.
Example: The principle behind solar power is simple.
Meaning: The underlying concept.
Synonym: the idea behind
Common mistakes: Using “principle of” (sometimes correct, but “behind” means the reason/how it works).
convert sunlight into electricity ▶
UK/US: /kənˈvɜːt ˈsʌn.laɪt ˈɪn.tuː ɪˌlekˈtrɪs.ɪ.ti/
Part(s) of Speech: verb phrase
Pattern(s): convert A into B
Definition: Change sunlight into usable electrical power.
Example: PV cells convert sunlight into electricity.
Meaning: To change from one form to another.
Synonym: change light to power
Common mistakes: Using “convert to electricity sunlight” (incorrect word order).
Part(s) of Speech: verb phrase
Pattern(s): convert A into B
Definition: Change sunlight into usable electrical power.
Example: PV cells convert sunlight into electricity.
Meaning: To change from one form to another.
Synonym: change light to power
Common mistakes: Using “convert to electricity sunlight” (incorrect word order).
mounted on rooftops ▶
UK/US: /ˈmaʊn.tɪd ɒn ˈruːf.tɒps/
Part(s) of Speech: passive verb phrase
Pattern(s): be mounted on sth
Definition: Fixed or attached to the top of a building.
Example: Panels can be mounted on rooftops.
Meaning: Put on top of roofs.
Synonym: installed on
Common mistakes: Saying “mounted in” or “mounted to.”
Part(s) of Speech: passive verb phrase
Pattern(s): be mounted on sth
Definition: Fixed or attached to the top of a building.
Example: Panels can be mounted on rooftops.
Meaning: Put on top of roofs.
Synonym: installed on
Common mistakes: Saying “mounted in” or “mounted to.”
concentrated solar power ▶
UK/US: /ˈkɒn.sən.treɪ.tɪd ˈsəʊ.lə ˈpaʊ.ər/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): concentrated solar power (CSP)
Definition: A technology that uses mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight.
Example: Another approach is concentrated solar power.
Meaning: Solar energy produced by focusing sunlight.
Synonym: CSP
Common mistakes: Confusing with “concentrating solar power” (must use -ed).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): concentrated solar power (CSP)
Definition: A technology that uses mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight.
Example: Another approach is concentrated solar power.
Meaning: Solar energy produced by focusing sunlight.
Synonym: CSP
Common mistakes: Confusing with “concentrating solar power” (must use -ed).
vast solar farms ▶
UK/US: /vɑːst ˈsəʊ.lə fɑːmz/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): vast solar farms
Definition: Very large areas of land covered in solar panels.
Example: Arranged in vast solar farms.
Meaning: Huge fields of solar panels.
Synonym: huge solar fields
Common mistakes: Using “farm” singular (here, “farms” because many exist globally).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): vast solar farms
Definition: Very large areas of land covered in solar panels.
Example: Arranged in vast solar farms.
Meaning: Huge fields of solar panels.
Synonym: huge solar fields
Common mistakes: Using “farm” singular (here, “farms” because many exist globally).
direct emissions ▶
UK/US: /dɪˈrɛkt ɪˈmɪʃ.ənz/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): free from direct emissions
Definition: Gases or pollutants released immediately as a result of a process.
Example: Both methods are free from direct emissions.
Meaning: Pollution produced during generation, not before or after.
Synonym: immediate emissions
Common mistakes: Confusing with “indirect emissions.”
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): free from direct emissions
Definition: Gases or pollutants released immediately as a result of a process.
Example: Both methods are free from direct emissions.
Meaning: Pollution produced during generation, not before or after.
Synonym: immediate emissions
Common mistakes: Confusing with “indirect emissions.”
cost competitiveness ▶
UK/US: /kɒst kəmˌpet.ɪˈtɪv.nəs/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): cost competitiveness of sth
Definition: The ability to offer a product or service at a lower price than others.
Example: This cost competitiveness has accelerated adoption.
Meaning: Being cheaper or as cheap as alternatives.
Synonym: price advantage
Common mistakes: Using “competitive cost” instead (which has a different nuance).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): cost competitiveness of sth
Definition: The ability to offer a product or service at a lower price than others.
Example: This cost competitiveness has accelerated adoption.
Meaning: Being cheaper or as cheap as alternatives.
Synonym: price advantage
Common mistakes: Using “competitive cost” instead (which has a different nuance).
accelerated adoption ▶
UK/US: /əkˈsel.ə.reɪ.tɪd əˈdɒp.ʃən/
Part(s) of Speech: verb + noun phrase
Pattern(s): accelerate adoption
Definition: Caused something to be used or accepted more quickly.
Example: Has accelerated adoption in both developed and developing nations.
Meaning: Speed up how quickly something is accepted or used.
Synonym: sped up uptake
Common mistakes: “Adoption” here means use/acceptance, not adopting a child.
Part(s) of Speech: verb + noun phrase
Pattern(s): accelerate adoption
Definition: Caused something to be used or accepted more quickly.
Example: Has accelerated adoption in both developed and developing nations.
Meaning: Speed up how quickly something is accepted or used.
Synonym: sped up uptake
Common mistakes: “Adoption” here means use/acceptance, not adopting a child.
energy storage solutions ▶
UK/US: /ˈen.ə.dʒi ˈstɔː.rɪdʒ səˈluː.ʃənz/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): energy storage solutions
Definition: Methods or technologies to keep excess electricity for later use.
Example: Researchers have invested in energy storage solutions.
Meaning: Ways to store energy.
Synonym: battery storage
Common mistakes: Using “energy solution storage” (wrong word order).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): energy storage solutions
Definition: Methods or technologies to keep excess electricity for later use.
Example: Researchers have invested in energy storage solutions.
Meaning: Ways to store energy.
Synonym: battery storage
Common mistakes: Using “energy solution storage” (wrong word order).
surplus energy ▶
UK/US: /ˈsɜː.pləs ˈen.ə.dʒi/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): surplus energy
Definition: More energy than is immediately needed.
Example: Hold surplus energy for use during periods of low sunlight.
Meaning: Extra electricity.
Synonym: excess power
Common mistakes: Using “surplus of energy” (article “of” not used).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): surplus energy
Definition: More energy than is immediately needed.
Example: Hold surplus energy for use during periods of low sunlight.
Meaning: Extra electricity.
Synonym: excess power
Common mistakes: Using “surplus of energy” (article “of” not used).
ecological footprint ▶
UK/US: /ˌiː.kəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl ˈfʊt.prɪnt/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): minimise the ecological footprint
Definition: The impact on the environment.
Example: Essential to minimise the ecological footprint.
Meaning: Total negative effect on the environment.
Synonym: environmental impact
Common mistakes: Using “footprints” plural for this meaning.
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): minimise the ecological footprint
Definition: The impact on the environment.
Example: Essential to minimise the ecological footprint.
Meaning: Total negative effect on the environment.
Synonym: environmental impact
Common mistakes: Using “footprints” plural for this meaning.
conflicts over agricultural land ▶
UK/US: /ˈkɒn.flɪkts ˈəʊ.vər ˌæɡ.rɪˈkʌl.tʃər.əl lænd/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): conflicts over sth
Definition: Disagreements or disputes about the use of farmland.
Example: Leading to conflicts over agricultural land.
Meaning: Disputes over how land is used.
Synonym: land disputes
Common mistakes: Saying “conflict about” or using “on” (should be “over”).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): conflicts over sth
Definition: Disagreements or disputes about the use of farmland.
Example: Leading to conflicts over agricultural land.
Meaning: Disputes over how land is used.
Synonym: land disputes
Common mistakes: Saying “conflict about” or using “on” (should be “over”).
floating solar arrays ▶
UK/US: /ˈfləʊ.tɪŋ ˈsəʊ.lə əˈreɪz/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): floating solar arrays on reservoirs
Definition: Solar panels installed on water surfaces.
Example: New designs such as floating solar arrays.
Meaning: Solar panels that float on water.
Synonym: water-based solar panels
Common mistakes: Using “floating solar panel” (an array is a group of panels).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): floating solar arrays on reservoirs
Definition: Solar panels installed on water surfaces.
Example: New designs such as floating solar arrays.
Meaning: Solar panels that float on water.
Synonym: water-based solar panels
Common mistakes: Using “floating solar panel” (an array is a group of panels).
off-grid solutions ▶
UK/US: /ˌɒfˈɡrɪd səˈluː.ʃənz/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): off-grid solutions
Definition: Ways to provide electricity without connecting to the main grid.
Example: Off-grid solutions provide reliable power.
Meaning: Power systems not connected to national networks.
Synonym: stand-alone systems
Common mistakes: Using “out-grid” (should be “off-grid”).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): off-grid solutions
Definition: Ways to provide electricity without connecting to the main grid.
Example: Off-grid solutions provide reliable power.
Meaning: Power systems not connected to national networks.
Synonym: stand-alone systems
Common mistakes: Using “out-grid” (should be “off-grid”).
net zero developments ▶
UK/US: /nɛt ˈzɪə.rəʊ dɪˈvɛl.əp.mənts/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): net zero developments
Definition: Buildings or projects that produce as much energy as they consume.
Example: Creating net zero developments.
Meaning: Developments with zero net energy use.
Synonym: zero-energy buildings
Common mistakes: Confusing with “zero net” (order matters: “net zero”).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): net zero developments
Definition: Buildings or projects that produce as much energy as they consume.
Example: Creating net zero developments.
Meaning: Developments with zero net energy use.
Synonym: zero-energy buildings
Common mistakes: Confusing with “zero net” (order matters: “net zero”).
a transformative force ▶
UK/US: /ə trænsˈfɔː.mə.tɪv fɔːs/
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): a transformative force
Definition: Something that causes major, positive change.
Example: Solar power is a transformative force shaping the world.
Meaning: Brings about big change.
Synonym: game changer
Common mistakes: Using “transforming force” (not standard).
Part(s) of Speech: noun phrase
Pattern(s): a transformative force
Definition: Something that causes major, positive change.
Example: Solar power is a transformative force shaping the world.
Meaning: Brings about big change.
Synonym: game changer
Common mistakes: Using “transforming force” (not standard).
Interactive Exercise 1: Master Solar Vocabulary & Phrases
For each question, type or select the best answer. Get instant feedback and a detailed explanation for every answer!
1. Solar energy is often ________ as a cornerstone of renewable energy development.
2. To ______ the sun’s energy means to use it effectively for power.
3. What do we call very large areas of land covered with solar panels?
4. The __________ behind solar power is converting sunlight into electricity.
5. Solar panels can be ________ on rooftops to save space and produce electricity.
6. CSP stands for _____________________________.
7. "Ecological footprint" means:
8. The phrase off-grid solutions refers to:
9. To convert sunlight into electricity is to _________ sunlight.
10. A “transformative force” is:
Interactive Exercise 2: Challenge Your Mastery
Answer each question. Get instant feedback and detailed explanations!
1. What phrase means “to use two things together for a greater effect,” as in combining farming and solar panels?
2. What is the process of removing salt from seawater to make it drinkable called?
3. “Responsible manufacturing processes and _______ programmes are essential to minimise ecological footprint.”
4. What do you call developments that “produce as much energy as they consume”?
5. Choose the correct synonym for “dominant” in the context of solar energy’s future:
6. “Floating solar arrays” are installed on _______.
7. The term for “providing electricity without connecting to the main grid” is:
8. “Cost competitiveness” in the solar context means:
9. Which phrase describes “buildings designed to create no additional energy demand”?
10. “Mitigate” means:
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