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IELTS Academic Reading Sample Test – Summary Completion Question Type with deep answer key – Sample No. 1
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July 23, 2025
IELTS Reading: Summary Completion Tutorial
How to Answer “Summary Completion” Questions in IELTS
1
Understand the Task:
In this question type, you are presented with a summary of information from the reading passage with several blanks (gaps). Your task is to fill each gap with an appropriate word or phrase from the passage.
Example: If the summary says “Silk was first traded between China and _____,” you must find the correct place in the passage and supply the missing word.
In this question type, you are presented with a summary of information from the reading passage with several blanks (gaps). Your task is to fill each gap with an appropriate word or phrase from the passage.
Example: If the summary says “Silk was first traded between China and _____,” you must find the correct place in the passage and supply the missing word.
2
Read the Instructions Carefully:
Always check whether you are required to use NO MORE THAN ONE WORD, TWO WORDS, or A NUMBER from the passage.
Example: The instructions might say: “Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.”
Always check whether you are required to use NO MORE THAN ONE WORD, TWO WORDS, or A NUMBER from the passage.
Example: The instructions might say: “Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.”
3
Skim the Summary & Identify Key Words:
Read the summary and underline key words, especially those around the gaps. These words help you identify where to look in the passage.
Example: Words like “first traded” or “along the route” help you locate the right section in the text.
Read the summary and underline key words, especially those around the gaps. These words help you identify where to look in the passage.
Example: Words like “first traded” or “along the route” help you locate the right section in the text.
4
Scan the Passage for Answers:
Move quickly through the passage to find sentences that contain information similar to what is in the summary. Look for synonyms and paraphrased ideas—not always identical words.
Move quickly through the passage to find sentences that contain information similar to what is in the summary. Look for synonyms and paraphrased ideas—not always identical words.
5
Match Meaning, Not Just Words:
Ensure the word or phrase you choose from the passage matches the meaning of the gap. The correct answer must make sense in the summary’s sentence.
Ensure the word or phrase you choose from the passage matches the meaning of the gap. The correct answer must make sense in the summary’s sentence.
6
Check Grammar & Word Form:
The word(s) you select should fit grammatically into the summary. For example, if the gap follows “was,” a noun or adjective is likely needed.
The word(s) you select should fit grammatically into the summary. For example, if the gap follows “was,” a noun or adjective is likely needed.
7
Be Careful With Spelling:
Only answers spelled exactly as in the passage are correct. Double-check for spelling errors, as they will lose you marks.
Only answers spelled exactly as in the passage are correct. Double-check for spelling errors, as they will lose you marks.
8
Never Use Your Own Knowledge:
Use only information from the passage, even if you know the topic. Answers based on outside knowledge are not accepted in IELTS Reading.
Use only information from the passage, even if you know the topic. Answers based on outside knowledge are not accepted in IELTS Reading.
9
Check Each Gap:
After filling each blank, read the sentence to ensure it is logical and grammatically correct. Make adjustments as needed.
After filling each blank, read the sentence to ensure it is logical and grammatically correct. Make adjustments as needed.
10
Review All Answers:
At the end, re-read the entire summary with your answers to confirm accuracy and coherence.
Example: “Silk was first traded between China and Rome.” If this sounds correct, move on; if not, reconsider your answer.
At the end, re-read the entire summary with your answers to confirm accuracy and coherence.
Example: “Silk was first traded between China and Rome.” If this sounds correct, move on; if not, reconsider your answer.
Example of a Summary Completion:
Summary Example:
The Silk Road was an ancient network of ______ that connected China to ______.
Passage:
“The Silk Road was a system of trade routes which linked China with the Roman Empire.”
Instructions: Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Answers:
1. trade routes
2. Roman Empire
The Silk Road was an ancient network of ______ that connected China to ______.
Passage:
“The Silk Road was a system of trade routes which linked China with the Roman Empire.”
Instructions: Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Answers:
1. trade routes
2. Roman Empire
Reading Passage: The History of the Silk Road
Paragraph A
The Silk Road stands as one of the most significant trade networks in human history, bridging East and West for more than a millennium. Stretching over 6,000 kilometers from China to the Mediterranean, the Silk Road was not a single route but rather a complex web of interconnected pathways that facilitated the movement of goods, ideas, cultures, and innovations. Historians generally agree that its origins date back to the Han Dynasty, around the second century BCE, when Emperor Wu officially opened trade with Central Asia.
Paragraph B
Silk was among the earliest and most highly prized commodities transported along these ancient corridors. Chinese silk captivated merchants and aristocrats from Persia, Rome, and Byzantium, making it a symbol of luxury and prestige. However, the road carried far more than textiles. Precious metals, glassware, spices, ceramics, and even agricultural crops like grapes and pomegranates found their way from one civilization to another. The exchange was not only economic but also deeply cultural, influencing fashion, cuisine, and religious practices.
Paragraph C
Caravans crossing harsh deserts and treacherous mountains relied on camels and skilled guides to survive the journey. Cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, and Kashgar flourished as key hubs where travelers could rest, trade, and exchange information. These oases became melting pots, attracting people of diverse backgrounds—merchants, scholars, soldiers, and diplomats—who shared languages, customs, and technologies. As a result, the Silk Road played a vital role in the diffusion of inventions like papermaking, gunpowder, and the compass.
Paragraph D
One of the most profound effects of the Silk Road was its influence on world religions. Buddhist monks traveled from India into China, bringing sacred texts and new forms of art. Christianity and Islam also spread eastward through commercial and diplomatic contacts. In turn, religious tolerance often flourished in Silk Road cities, as exposure to different beliefs fostered an environment of coexistence and curiosity. Temples, mosques, and churches could be found side by side in some of the great trading centers.
Paragraph E
Despite its prosperity, the Silk Road was never free from danger. Banditry, political instability, and outbreaks of disease posed continual threats to merchants. The Black Death, for example, is believed to have followed trade routes from Asia into Europe, devastating populations but also prompting advances in medicine and public health. Nevertheless, the promise of profit and adventure was so great that traders continued to risk the journey for centuries.
Paragraph F
Over time, the fortunes of the Silk Road rose and fell with the empires that controlled its key sections. The Mongol Empire, at its peak in the thirteenth century, secured much of the route and ushered in a golden age of safe and vibrant commerce. Marco Polo’s legendary travels to the court of Kublai Khan are emblematic of this era. However, as maritime technology advanced in the fifteenth century, European powers began to favor sea routes, gradually leading to the Silk Road’s decline.
Paragraph G
Today, the legacy of the Silk Road endures in the cultural and economic connections it forged between continents. Modern projects such as China’s Belt and Road Initiative aim to revive aspects of these ancient pathways, hoping to boost international trade and mutual understanding. The story of the Silk Road is ultimately one of adaptation, resilience, and the enduring desire of people to explore, communicate, and exchange across boundaries.
Summary Completion: The History of the Silk Road
Instructions:
Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage.
Click on each blank and type your answer. When finished, check your answers to see instant feedback!
Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage.
Click on each blank and type your answer. When finished, check your answers to see instant feedback!
Summary
The was a vast network of trade routes linking China and the region. Originating in the , these pathways allowed merchants to transport a variety of goods such as , spices, and . Cities like thrived as important commercial centers where travelers could , trade, and share . In addition to products, such as Buddhism, , and Islam spread along these routes, often encouraging in multi-faith cities. The is thought to have moved along the Silk Road, causing widespread devastation. Ultimately, advances in in the 15th century led to a shift toward and a decline in overland trade. Today, the Silk Road remains a symbol of between diverse cultures.
Answer Key & Detailed Explanations
Click on any answer to reveal a step-by-step explanation and find the location in the passage.
1. Silk Road
▶
Step 1: The summary refers to a vast network of trade routes linking China and another region.
Step 2: In Paragraph A, the first sentence states: “The Silk Road stands as one of the most significant trade networks in human history, bridging East and West…”
Step 3: The answer "Silk Road" fits both the passage and the grammar of the summary.
Tip: Always use the name exactly as found in the passage for full marks.
Step 2: In Paragraph A, the first sentence states: “The Silk Road stands as one of the most significant trade networks in human history, bridging East and West…”
Step 3: The answer "Silk Road" fits both the passage and the grammar of the summary.
Tip: Always use the name exactly as found in the passage for full marks.
2. Mediterranean
▶
Step 1: The summary asks what region the Silk Road linked to China.
Step 2: Paragraph A: “Stretching over 6,000 kilometers from China to the Mediterranean…”
Step 3: "Mediterranean" is the correct region and fits the sentence.
Tip: Use the singular "Mediterranean" as shown in the passage.
Step 2: Paragraph A: “Stretching over 6,000 kilometers from China to the Mediterranean…”
Step 3: "Mediterranean" is the correct region and fits the sentence.
Tip: Use the singular "Mediterranean" as shown in the passage.
3. Han Dynasty
▶
Step 1: Look for when the Silk Road originated.
Step 2: Paragraph A: “Historians generally agree that its origins date back to the Han Dynasty…”
Step 3: "Han Dynasty" is a proper noun and should be copied exactly.
Tip: Always check for capitalisation and word count rules in the instructions.
Step 2: Paragraph A: “Historians generally agree that its origins date back to the Han Dynasty…”
Step 3: "Han Dynasty" is a proper noun and should be copied exactly.
Tip: Always check for capitalisation and word count rules in the instructions.
4. silk
▶
Step 1: The summary asks for a type of good transported along the Silk Road.
Step 2: Paragraph B: “Silk was among the earliest and most highly prized commodities…”
Step 3: "Silk" is a key word and is also the road’s namesake.
Tip: Spelling must be exact and use singular as in the passage.
Step 2: Paragraph B: “Silk was among the earliest and most highly prized commodities…”
Step 3: "Silk" is a key word and is also the road’s namesake.
Tip: Spelling must be exact and use singular as in the passage.
5. metals
▶
Step 1: The summary requires another example of goods.
Step 2: Paragraph B: “…Precious metals, glassware, spices, ceramics…”
Step 3: "Metals" or "precious metals" are correct.
Tip: Accept either; “metals” is safe if only one word allowed.
Step 2: Paragraph B: “…Precious metals, glassware, spices, ceramics…”
Step 3: "Metals" or "precious metals" are correct.
Tip: Accept either; “metals” is safe if only one word allowed.
6. Samarkand
▶
Step 1: Looking for a city that thrived as a commercial centre.
Step 2: Paragraph C: “Cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, and Kashgar flourished as key hubs…”
Step 3: "Samarkand" fits both the passage and grammar.
Tip: Use the city’s name as written in the text.
Step 2: Paragraph C: “Cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, and Kashgar flourished as key hubs…”
Step 3: "Samarkand" fits both the passage and grammar.
Tip: Use the city’s name as written in the text.
7. rest
▶
Step 1: What did travellers do in these cities?
Step 2: Paragraph C: “…where travelers could rest, trade, and exchange information.”
Step 3: "Rest" is the simplest, clearest answer.
Tip: Use the exact verb form found in the passage.
Step 2: Paragraph C: “…where travelers could rest, trade, and exchange information.”
Step 3: "Rest" is the simplest, clearest answer.
Tip: Use the exact verb form found in the passage.
8. information
▶
Step 1: What did travelers share, besides goods?
Step 2: Paragraph C: “…rest, trade, and exchange information.”
Step 3: "Information" is the answer; again, exact words matter.
Tip: Don’t overthink; use the passage’s phrase.
Step 2: Paragraph C: “…rest, trade, and exchange information.”
Step 3: "Information" is the answer; again, exact words matter.
Tip: Don’t overthink; use the passage’s phrase.
9. religions
▶
Step 1: What else spread along the Silk Road?
Step 2: Paragraph D: “One of the most profound effects…was its influence on world religions. Buddhist monks traveled…”
Step 3: "Religions" is a clear match, in plural.
Tip: Note plural form is required for accuracy.
Step 2: Paragraph D: “One of the most profound effects…was its influence on world religions. Buddhist monks traveled…”
Step 3: "Religions" is a clear match, in plural.
Tip: Note plural form is required for accuracy.
10. Christianity
▶
Step 1: The summary mentions Buddhism and asks for another faith.
Step 2: Paragraph D: “…Christianity and Islam also spread eastward…”
Step 3: "Christianity" is correct; "Islam" would also be accepted if required.
Tip: Copy religious names exactly; note spelling.
Step 2: Paragraph D: “…Christianity and Islam also spread eastward…”
Step 3: "Christianity" is correct; "Islam" would also be accepted if required.
Tip: Copy religious names exactly; note spelling.
11. tolerance
▶
Step 1: The summary asks about the outcome in multi-faith cities.
Step 2: Paragraph D: “…religious tolerance often flourished in Silk Road cities…”
Step 3: "Tolerance" is the keyword.
Tip: Look for synonyms, but always prefer the passage’s term.
Step 2: Paragraph D: “…religious tolerance often flourished in Silk Road cities…”
Step 3: "Tolerance" is the keyword.
Tip: Look for synonyms, but always prefer the passage’s term.
12. Black Death
▶
Step 1: The summary asks for a disease that traveled the Silk Road.
Step 2: Paragraph E: “The Black Death, for example, is believed to have followed trade routes from Asia into Europe…”
Step 3: "Black Death" (capitalised) is required.
Tip: Use proper nouns and correct spelling.
Step 2: Paragraph E: “The Black Death, for example, is believed to have followed trade routes from Asia into Europe…”
Step 3: "Black Death" (capitalised) is required.
Tip: Use proper nouns and correct spelling.
13. maritime technology
▶
Step 1: What innovation shifted trade from land to sea?
Step 2: Paragraph F: “…as maritime technology advanced in the fifteenth century, European powers began to favor sea routes…”
Step 3: "Maritime technology" is the two-word phrase in the passage.
Tip: Note maximum word count in instructions.
Step 2: Paragraph F: “…as maritime technology advanced in the fifteenth century, European powers began to favor sea routes…”
Step 3: "Maritime technology" is the two-word phrase in the passage.
Tip: Note maximum word count in instructions.
14. sea routes
▶
Step 1: The summary says the Silk Road declined as a new route was favored.
Step 2: Paragraph F: “…European powers began to favor sea routes, gradually leading to the Silk Road’s decline.”
Step 3: "Sea routes" is correct (plural as in passage).
Tip: Don’t use “ocean routes” unless shown in text.
Step 2: Paragraph F: “…European powers began to favor sea routes, gradually leading to the Silk Road’s decline.”
Step 3: "Sea routes" is correct (plural as in passage).
Tip: Don’t use “ocean routes” unless shown in text.
15. connection
▶
Step 1: The summary concludes with what the Silk Road symbolizes today.
Step 2: Paragraph G: “Today, the legacy of the Silk Road endures in the cultural and economic connections it forged…”
Step 3: "Connection" or "connections" are both valid.
Tip: Check whether singular or plural fits grammatically.
Step 2: Paragraph G: “Today, the legacy of the Silk Road endures in the cultural and economic connections it forged…”
Step 3: "Connection" or "connections" are both valid.
Tip: Check whether singular or plural fits grammatically.
20 Hardest Words from the Passage (C2→B1)
prosperity
▶
Noun
/prɒˈspɛr.ɪ.ti/ (BrE), /prɑːˈsper.ə.ti/ (AmE)
Word pattern: prosperity of/for sth
Definition: The state of being successful, especially in material or financial terms.
Example: The Silk Road led to prosperity for cities along its route. (These cities became wealthy and successful.)
Synonym: wealth, success
Common Mistake: Using “prosperity” as a verb; it is only a noun.
banditry
▶
Noun
/ˈbæn.dɪ.tri/ (BrE & AmE)
Word pattern: banditry in/along
Definition: Robbery and violence committed by armed groups, often in remote areas.
Example: Banditry was a constant threat for Silk Road merchants. (Merchants risked being robbed by criminals.)
Synonym: robbery, lawlessness
Common Mistake: Misspelling as “banditary”.
diffusion
▶
Noun
/dɪˈfjuː.ʒən/ (BrE & AmE)
Word pattern: diffusion of/through
Definition: The process by which something (e.g., ideas, technologies) spreads over a wide area.
Example: The Silk Road encouraged the diffusion of inventions like papermaking. (These inventions spread widely.)
Synonym: spread, dissemination
Common Mistake: Confusing with “fusion” (joining things together).
aristocrats
▶
Noun (plural)
/ˌær.ɪˈstɒ.kræts/ (BrE), /ˌer.əˈstoʊ.kræts/ (AmE)
Word pattern: aristocrat(s) of/among
Definition: People belonging to the highest social class, often with hereditary titles or privileges.
Example: Chinese silk captivated aristocrats from Persia and Rome. (Rich, high-status people loved silk.)
Synonym: nobles, nobility
Common Mistake: Using “aristocrats” for anyone rich, not just the high-born.
treacherous
▶
Adjective
/ˈtrɛtʃ.ər.əs/ (BrE), /ˈtrɛtʃ.ɚ.əs/ (AmE)
Word pattern: treacherous path/terrain/route
Definition: Extremely dangerous, especially because of hidden risks.
Example: Traders crossed treacherous mountains. (The mountains were dangerous and risky.)
Synonym: perilous, hazardous
Common Mistake: Using for “betrayal” only; it also means “dangerous”.
coexistence
▶
Noun
/ˌkəʊ.ɪɡˈzɪs.təns/ (BrE), /ˌkoʊ.ɪɡˈzɪs.təns/ (AmE)
Word pattern: coexistence with/of
Definition: The state of living together peacefully, despite differences.
Example: Religious tolerance often led to coexistence in Silk Road cities. (Different groups lived together peacefully.)
Synonym: harmony, living together
Common Mistake: Pronouncing with stress on “exist”; correct is “co-EX-istence”.
outbreaks
▶
Noun (plural)
/ˈaʊt.breɪks/ (BrE & AmE)
Word pattern: outbreak of (disease/violence)
Definition: Sudden appearances of something, usually something unpleasant such as disease or conflict.
Example: Outbreaks of disease posed continual threats. (Sudden illnesses often appeared.)
Synonym: epidemics, eruptions
Common Mistake: Using “outbreak” as a verb (it’s a noun).
prompting
▶
Verb (present participle); Noun
/ˈprɒmptɪŋ/ (BrE), /ˈprɑːmptɪŋ/ (AmE)
Word pattern: prompting sb to do sth
Definition: Causing someone to take action or something to happen.
Example: The Black Death…prompting advances in medicine. (It caused progress in health care.)
Synonym: causing, leading to
Common Mistake: Forgetting to use “to” after “prompting” when it means “causing.”
resilience
▶
Noun
/rɪˈzɪl.jəns/ (BrE & AmE)
Word pattern: resilience of/in sth
Definition: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness.
Example: The story of the Silk Road is one of resilience. (People recovered from challenges.)
Synonym: toughness, adaptability
Common Mistake: Misspelling as “resiliance”.
maritime
▶
Adjective
/ˈmær.ɪ.taɪm/ (BrE), /ˈmer.ɪ.taɪm/ (AmE)
Word pattern: maritime trade/law/technology
Definition: Related to the sea, especially trade or navigation.
Example: Advances in maritime technology changed trade routes. (Sea-related technology changed trading.)
Synonym: nautical, seafaring
Common Mistake: Pronouncing as “marine time” (correct: “MAR-i-time”).
melting pot
▶
Noun phrase
/ˈmeltɪŋ pɒt/ (BrE), /ˈmeltɪŋ pɑːt/ (AmE)
Word pattern: melting pot of cultures/people
Definition: A place where many different people and cultures mix together.
Example: These oases became melting pots, attracting people of diverse backgrounds. (Many different cultures gathered.)
Synonym: mix, blend
Common Mistake: Using “melting pot” as a verb; it’s always a noun phrase.
innovation
▶
Noun
/ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ (BrE & AmE)
Word pattern: innovation in/through sth
Definition: A new idea, method, or device.
Example: The Silk Road encouraged innovation in trade and technology. (It led to new ideas and inventions.)
Synonym: invention, novelty
Common Mistake: Using “innovation” for the act of copying; it means something new.
prestige
▶
Noun
/preˈstiːʒ/ (BrE), /prɛˈstiːʒ/ (AmE)
Word pattern: prestige of/among
Definition: Respect and admiration gained by being successful or important.
Example: Silk was a symbol of prestige among aristocrats. (Silk showed high status.)
Synonym: status, honour
Common Mistake: Pronouncing as “pres-tig”; correct is “pre-steezh”.
devastating
▶
Adjective
/ˈdev.ə.steɪ.tɪŋ/ (BrE), /ˈdev.əˌsteɪ.tɪŋ/ (AmE)
Word pattern: devastating effect/impact/disease
Definition: Causing great harm or damage.
Example: The Black Death was devastating for populations. (It caused much destruction.)
Synonym: destructive, catastrophic
Common Mistake: Using “devastate” as an adjective; use “devastating”.
ushered in
▶
Verb phrase
/ˈʌʃ.əd ɪn/ (BrE), /ˈʌʃ.ɚd ɪn/ (AmE)
Word pattern: usher in sth
Definition: To cause something new to start.
Example: The Mongol Empire ushered in a golden age of commerce. (They started a new era.)
Synonym: introduced, launched
Common Mistake: Using “ushered” alone (needs “in”).
fortunes
▶
Noun (plural)
/ˈfɔː.tʃuːnz/ (BrE), /ˈfɔːr.tʃənz/ (AmE)
Word pattern: fortunes of sth/sb
Definition: The success or failure of someone or something over time.
Example: The fortunes of the Silk Road rose and fell with empires. (Its success changed over time.)
Synonym: fate, luck
Common Mistake: Confusing with “fortune” meaning “money”.
oases
▶
Noun (plural of “oasis”)
/əʊˈeɪ.siːz/ (BrE), /oʊˈeɪsiz/ (AmE)
Word pattern: oases in/along sth
Definition: Fertile places in a desert where water is available.
Example: Travelers stopped at oases to rest and trade. (Green, watery places in deserts.)
Synonym: watering places, refuges
Common Mistake: Using “oasises” as the plural; correct is “oases”.
interconnected
▶
Adjective
/ˌɪn.tə.kəˈnɛk.tɪd/ (BrE), /ˌɪn.tɚ.kəˈnɛk.tɪd/ (AmE)
Word pattern: interconnected systems/paths
Definition: With different parts or things joined together.
Example: The Silk Road was a web of interconnected pathways. (Many routes were joined together.)
Synonym: linked, connected
Common Mistake: Forgetting the “ed” ending for the adjective form.
legacy
▶
Noun
/ˈleɡ.ə.si/ (BrE & AmE)
Word pattern: legacy of sth
Definition: Something handed down from the past, such as traditions or achievements.
Example: The legacy of the Silk Road endures today. (Its lasting influence remains.)
Synonym: inheritance, heritage
Common Mistake: Using for “will” only; it’s often used for history or influence.
adaptation
▶
Noun
/ˌæd.əpˈteɪ.ʃən/ (BrE), /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/ (AmE)
Word pattern: adaptation to/for/of
Definition: The process of changing to suit new conditions or environments.
Example: The story of the Silk Road is ultimately one of adaptation. (People adjusted to new challenges and changes.)
Synonym: adjustment, modification
Common Mistake: Using “adaption” instead of “adaptation”.
20 Hardest Phrases/Expressions from the Passage (C2→B1)
stands as
▶
Verb phrase
/stændz æz/
Pattern: stand as + noun
Definition: To be considered or recognized as something.
Example: The Silk Road stands as one of the most significant trade networks. (It is recognized as important.)
Synonym: serves as, acts as, represents
Common Mistake: Using “stand as” for physical standing instead of “being recognized as”.
web of interconnected pathways
▶
Noun phrase
/wɛb əv ˌɪntəkəˈnɛktɪd ˈpɑːθ.weɪz/
Pattern: web of + plural noun
Definition: A complex network of many connected routes or elements.
Example: The Silk Road was a web of interconnected pathways. (Many connected trade routes.)
Synonym: network, mesh
Common Mistake: Using “web” for the internet only.
opened trade
▶
Verb phrase
/ˈəʊ.pənd treɪd/
Pattern: open trade with
Definition: To begin or establish trading relationships with another country or region.
Example: Emperor Wu officially opened trade with Central Asia. (He started trading links.)
Synonym: initiated commerce, established trade
Common Mistake: Saying “open trading” (should be “open trade”).
captivated merchants and aristocrats
▶
Verb phrase
/ˈkæp.tɪ.veɪ.tɪd ˈmɜː.tʃənts ənd əˈrɪs.tə.kræts/
Pattern: captivate + people
Definition: Strongly attracted the attention of merchants and noble people.
Example: Chinese silk captivated merchants and aristocrats from Persia. (They found it fascinating.)
Synonym: fascinated, charmed
Common Mistake: Using “captivated” with objects instead of people.
not only economic but also deeply cultural
▶
Phrase
/nɒt ˈəʊn.li ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪk bət ˈɔːl.səʊ ˈdiːp.li ˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/
Pattern: not only A but also B
Definition: Describes something that involves more than just one aspect (here, both economy and culture).
Example: The exchange was not only economic but also deeply cultural. (It involved both money and culture.)
Synonym: as well as, both…and
Common Mistake: Forgetting parallel structure in this phrase.
relied on camels and skilled guides
▶
Verb phrase
/rɪˈlaɪd ɒn ˈkæm.əlz ənd skɪld ɡaɪdz/
Pattern: rely on + noun
Definition: Depended on camels and expert helpers to travel.
Example: Caravans relied on camels and skilled guides. (They needed them to travel safely.)
Synonym: depended on, trusted
Common Mistake: Using “relied” without “on”.
melting pots
▶
Noun phrase
/ˈmeltɪŋ pɒts/
Pattern: melting pot(s) of
Definition: Places where many different people and cultures mix together.
Example: Oases became melting pots. (Many cultures mixed there.)
Synonym: cultural mix, blend
Common Mistake: Using as a verb; always a noun.
diffusion of inventions
▶
Noun phrase
/dɪˈfjuː.ʒən əv ɪnˈvɛn.ʃənz/
Pattern: diffusion of + plural noun
Definition: The process by which new inventions spread to many places.
Example: The Silk Road helped the diffusion of inventions. (New ideas spread widely.)
Synonym: spread of innovations
Common Mistake: Using “diffusion” for people, not things.
played a vital role
▶
Verb phrase
/pleɪd ə ˈvaɪ.təl rəʊl/
Pattern: play a vital/major role in
Definition: Was very important in making something happen.
Example: The Silk Road played a vital role in spreading inventions. (It was very important.)
Synonym: was crucial, was essential
Common Mistake: Using “play” without “role”.
brought sacred texts
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Verb phrase
/brɔːt ˈseɪ.krɪd tɛksts/
Pattern: bring + object
Definition: Transported important religious books or writings.
Example: Buddhist monks brought sacred texts to China. (They carried holy books.)
Synonym: delivered, transported
Common Mistake: Confusing “brought” with “bought”.
exposure to different beliefs
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Noun phrase
/ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒər tə ˈdɪf.rənt bɪˈliːfs/
Pattern: exposure to + noun
Definition: The state of experiencing new ideas or ways of thinking.
Example: Exposure to different beliefs fostered coexistence. (Learning about other religions helped peace.)
Synonym: contact with, introduction to
Common Mistake: Using “exposure” for negative things only.
devastating populations
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Verb phrase
/ˈdev.ə.steɪ.tɪŋ ˌpɒp.jʊˈleɪ.ʃənz/
Pattern: devastate + noun
Definition: Causing great harm to large groups of people.
Example: The Black Death devastated populations. (Many people died or suffered.)
Synonym: destroying, wiping out
Common Mistake: Using “devastating” as a noun; it’s an adjective/verb.
prompt advances in medicine
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Verb phrase
/prɒmpt ədˈvɑːn.sɪz ɪn ˈmed.ɪ.sɪn/
Pattern: prompt + noun
Definition: Cause progress or improvements in medical science.
Example: The Black Death prompted advances in medicine. (It led to medical progress.)
Synonym: led to, initiated
Common Mistake: Using “prompt” as a noun here; it’s a verb.
risked the journey
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Verb phrase
/rɪskt ðə ˈdʒɜː.ni/
Pattern: risk + noun
Definition: Did something even though it was dangerous.
Example: Traders risked the journey for centuries. (They traveled despite the danger.)
Synonym: braved, dared
Common Mistake: Using “risk” as a noun in this phrase.
rose and fell with
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Verb phrase
/rəʊz ənd fel wɪð/
Pattern: rise and fall with sth
Definition: Increased and decreased depending on something else.
Example: The fortunes of the Silk Road rose and fell with empires. (Its success changed with rulers.)
Synonym: fluctuated, changed
Common Mistake: Using “rose and fall” (should be “fell”).
ushered in a golden age
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Verb phrase
/ˈʌʃ.əd ɪn ə ˈɡəʊl.dən eɪdʒ/
Pattern: usher in + noun
Definition: Caused a period of great achievement to begin.
Example: The Mongol Empire ushered in a golden age. (Started a successful era.)
Synonym: began, initiated
Common Mistake: Forgetting “in” after “ushered”.
at its peak
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Phrase
/ət ɪts piːk/
Pattern: at its/his/her peak
Definition: At the highest or most successful point.
Example: The Mongol Empire, at its peak, secured the route. (When it was strongest.)
Synonym: at its height, at its best
Common Mistake: Using “on its peak” (correct: “at its peak”).
gradually leading to
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Phrase
/ˈɡrædʒ.u.əli ˈliː.dɪŋ tuː/
Pattern: gradually leading to + noun
Definition: Slowly causing something to happen.
Example: Maritime trade gradually leading to the Silk Road’s decline. (Step by step causing change.)
Synonym: eventually causing, slowly resulting in
Common Mistake: Using “lead to” (should be “leading to” after “gradually”).
endures in
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Verb phrase
/ɪnˈdjʊərz ɪn/
Pattern: endure(s) in + noun
Definition: Continues to exist or be noticeable in something.
Example: The legacy of the Silk Road endures in modern culture. (Its influence still exists.)
Synonym: remains, persists
Common Mistake: Using “endure” without preposition “in”.
the enduring desire
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Noun phrase
/ði ɪnˈdjʊə.rɪŋ dɪˈzaɪər/
Pattern: the enduring desire to + verb
Definition: The lasting or persistent wish to do something.
Example: The enduring desire of people to explore and exchange. (People always want to learn and connect.)
Synonym: lasting wish, persistent urge
Common Mistake: Using “enduring” as a verb instead of adjective.
Interactive Practice 1: Test Your Understanding
Practice the words and expressions you’ve just learned. Click “Show Answer” after each question for an explanation and answer.
1. Which phrase means “a complex network of connected routes”?
Correct: web of interconnected pathways. This phrase describes a complicated, connected network of trade routes—just like the Silk Road.
2. Fill in the blank: The Silk Road ________ many new inventions to Europe and Asia.
Suggested Answer: brought. The correct phrase is brought sacred texts or “brought inventions.”
Explanation: “Brought” means transported or carried to another place.
Explanation: “Brought” means transported or carried to another place.
3. Which word is closest in meaning to initiated commerce?
Correct: opened trade. “Opened trade” means starting or initiating trading activities.
4. Fill in the blank: The exchange was not only economic but also ________.
Correct: deeply cultural.
Explanation: The full phrase “not only economic but also deeply cultural” describes an exchange involving money and culture.
Explanation: The full phrase “not only economic but also deeply cultural” describes an exchange involving money and culture.
5. “Melting pots” refers to places where...
Correct: different cultures and people mix together.
Explanation: A “melting pot” is a place of cultural mixture and diversity.
Explanation: A “melting pot” is a place of cultural mixture and diversity.
6. Which phrase best describes something that happens slowly and causes change?
Correct: gradually leading to.
Explanation: This phrase is used when something happens slowly and results in an effect or outcome.
Explanation: This phrase is used when something happens slowly and results in an effect or outcome.
7. Fill in the blank: Traders ________ the journey, facing many dangers along the Silk Road.
Correct: risked.
Explanation: “Risked the journey” means they accepted the dangers and traveled anyway.
Explanation: “Risked the journey” means they accepted the dangers and traveled anyway.
8. “Exposure to different beliefs” most likely results in:
Correct: coexistence.
Explanation: Exposure to different beliefs often leads to peaceful living together or coexistence.
Explanation: Exposure to different beliefs often leads to peaceful living together or coexistence.
9. What does “ushered in a golden age” mean?
Correct: started a period of great success.
Explanation: “Ushered in” means to begin or start something new and important.
Explanation: “Ushered in” means to begin or start something new and important.
10. Fill in the blank: The fortunes of the Silk Road ________ and ________ with the rise and fall of empires.
Correct: rose and fell.
Explanation: “Rose and fell with” means increased and decreased depending on something else (like empires).
Explanation: “Rose and fell with” means increased and decreased depending on something else (like empires).
Interactive Practice 2: Deepen Your Mastery
Another round! Practice these words and expressions in context. Click “Show Answer” after each question for a detailed explanation.
1. Which phrase means “causing something to begin or start”?
Correct: ushered in a golden age. This phrase means to start a new and successful period.
2. Fill in the blank: Oases became ________ where people from different cultures met and traded.
Correct: melting pots. Explanation: Oases were gathering places for diverse people and cultures.
3. Which word best completes the sentence?
The Silk Road was a of interconnected pathways.
The Silk Road was a of interconnected pathways.
Correct: web. Explanation: The “web of interconnected pathways” is a common metaphor for a network of routes.
4. Which of the following best describes “gradually leading to”?
Correct: happening step by step, causing a result. “Gradually leading to” means slowly causing something.
5. Fill in the blank: Merchants often ________ the journey despite many dangers.
Correct: risked. Explanation: “Risked the journey” means they accepted the dangers and still traveled.
6. Which phrase describes “lasting or persistent wish to do something”?
Correct: the enduring desire. It means a strong wish that lasts for a long time.
7. Fill in the blank: The Black Death ________ advances in medicine.
Correct: prompted. “Prompt advances” means to cause or trigger progress or change.
8. What is the meaning of “played a vital role” in a process?
Correct: was very important. This phrase means something or someone had a crucial impact or responsibility.
9. Fill in the blank: The fortunes of the Silk Road ________ and ________ with the rise and fall of empires.
Correct: rose and fell. This phrase means increased and decreased depending on something else.
10. Which word best fits? The Silk Road experience stands as a ________ of cultural exchange.
Correct: model. “Stands as a model” means it serves as an example to follow.
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